Minerva

States long ago were managed in autocratic and repressive ways. Throughout history, various totalitarian tyrants first restricted the rights of their own people and then turned towards the lives of people living in other dormitories. It is argued why the dictators in question applied these practices and why they become a subject of the bloody pages of history, but there is only one truth that should not change. This fact is that everyone has the right to live freely (Dayton, et al., 2019). This fact has been better understood after facing the bloody consequences of World War II. Although the concept of human rights is based on Magna Carta, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is the subject of this article, was published in 1948. The United Nations Human Rights Commission drafted the declaration in June 1948 and, with several changes, it was adopted as 30 articles after the UN General Assembly meeting in Paris on 10 December 1948. II. World War after, states united in guara

Questions : Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for economic development? Why do countries such as Norway and the USA achieve more economically sustainable benefits from natural resources compared to countries like Iraq and Nigeria? What policies can countries implement to use their natural resources more beneficially in terms of both economic growth and income distribution?  Answer Whether natural resources are a curse or blessing for a country depends on the country's political environment, institutions, policies, and social structure. However, it can be said that a country rich in natural resources faces various difficulties. These challenges cannot be solved without strong institutions and innovative policies. For example,  overconfidence to natural sources is one of the most important problems of the states that the countries rely heavily on income from the export of natural resources. Another problem is the search for unearned income, which is an obstacle to strong in

   The main reason for countries to liberalize their capital accounts is to achieve economic growth. However, in case of failure of economic policies, hot capital investments such as portfolio investments become difficult to control. Because of this, due to the rapid mobility of foreign investors with hot capital, these capitals can move suddenly. Thus, when the movement speed of hot capital is added to the wrong implementation of economic policies, in case of a shock in the economy, these capitals can leave the country with a sudden movement and cause financial crises. For this reason, the benefits and losses of foreign capital flows should be investigated and necessary measures should be taken. Thus, together with financial liberalization of hot capital movements in and out suddenly exposed in Turkey, the balance of foreign currency distorted and rather dragged into a structure having weak economy further it said that shake the Turkish economy entered into crisis. In this case, Turke

     Severe fluctuations beyond the acceptable levels on goods, services, production, foreign exchange prices, which are accepted as the basic building blocks of the economy, are called as economic crisis. The term financial crises is a recognized term for a variety of situations, such as financial institutions or the sudden loss of the majority of assets. Many financial crises in the 19th and early 20th centuries are related to bank panics and the coincidence of economic recessions. Other situations called financial crises often erupt from stock market crashes and other economic balloons, cash crisis and governments' failure to meet their economic obligations. Financial crises directly result in the loss of assets on paper. They do not directly affect the real economy unless they continue with economic recessions or depressions. The financial crisis is a common problem in international markets, especially after the financial liberalization in the 1970s and 1980s, and it means high

Turkey, a country which has been struggling with high inflation figures throughout its history. The periodically implemented development plans, economic measures, economic decisions did not help weaken the chronic course of inflation, and inflation reached triple digits in the 1994 crisis. In 1960-1970, only in 1967, it reached double digits with 13.97%, except for this year, inflation was kept in single digit. Between 1970 and 1980, the level where the unfavorable course of inflation increased and one of the highest inflation figures in history has been reached. Inflation figures, which reached 20% a year after 1970, declined in 72 and 73, but reached 94.26%, with a hard and high macro imbalance until the 1980s. Although the level of inflation was decreased by 37% and then 29% after the January 24 Stability Decisions, the positive effect of these stability decisions did not last long and inflation started to rise again. Inflation, which reached historical levels (105.22%) in the econo

Abstract   In the last 25 years, many developed and developing countries have adopted financial rules in order to eliminate or limit the budget deficit, reduce public debt and thereby improve the quality of fiscal policy. Fiscal rules are one of the basic tools of ensuring fiscal discipline and macroeconomic stability ( Karakurt  and  Akdemir , 2010).  Fiscal policy, which refers to the use of government spending and tax policies to influence macroeconomic conditions such as total demand for goods and services, employment, inflation and economic growth, is based on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes.  Thus, a government can use an expansionary fiscal policy by lowering tax rates to increase aggregate demand and increase economic growth during the recession. Additionally, it may follow a contractionary fiscal policy in the face of rising inflation and other expansionary symptoms.   In this study, the importance of achieving permanent improvement in economic growth and financial balance an